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The HPV vaccine is a key tool in the prevention of cervical cancer and has shown great promise in reducing both the incidence and mortality rates associated with the disease
Chemotherapy has been a fundamental part of treatment, aiming to target rapidly dividing cancer cells
The incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cancer is steadily rising in India. Over the past five years, both the incidence of cancer cases and related mortality have steadily climbed. According to government data, the number of cancer cases increased from 13,58,415 in 2019 to 14,96,972 in 2023—a stark reminder of the growing burden. Among women, cervical cancer remains a major concern. As per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it was the second most common cancer in women in 2022, accounting for 1,27,526 cases, or 17.7% of the total. Tragically, it also ranked as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with 79,906 fatalities recorded that year.
Cervical cancer is preventable yet shifting trends and delayed detection highlight the importance of regular screenings and awareness, particularly in pre- and postmenopausal women. Dr. Sarika Gupta, Senior Consultant and Unit Head of Gynae Surgical Oncology (Unit II), Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre (RGCIRC) shares all you need to know:
Shifting Trends in Cervical Cancer: The Rise of Adenocarcinoma
Around 80% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma, while 20% are adenocarcinoma. The type of cervical cancer observed in many patients has shifted in recent years, with an increasing number of cases of adenocarcinoma, which develops inside the cervix. This form of cancer is now being seen more frequently in younger women, a trend that contrasts with the more common squamous cell carcinoma, which typically affects older women. Adenocarcinoma tends to be harder to detect early, as it often remains asymptomatic in its initial stages. It is not detectable through a Pap smear, which is why it often goes undetected which is associated with a poorer prognosis. During premenopausal and postmenopausal phases, many women mistakenly attribute symptoms like unusual discharge, foul-smelling vaginal fluid, or pelvic pain to normal hormonal fluctuations.
Watch out Symptoms in Menopausal Phases
Many women fail to recognize the warning signs, which may be different in premenopausal and postmenopausal phases. It is critical to check out the symptoms in Pre and Postmenopausal phase.
Premenopausal women
Premenopausal women should be vigilant about any changes in menstrual patterns, such as irregular periods, spotting between cycles, or abnormal bleeding after intercourse. These signs should never be dismissed as normal hormonal fluctuation.
Post-menopausal women
If you experience any bleeding or spotting after a year without periods, then seek medical attention. Such symptoms are never “normal” and warrant immediate examination as these could be early signs of cervical cancer, and they should not be ignored.
Check out the Myths
- Irregular Bleeding or Post-Coital Spotting is Normal: Many women assume irregular bleeding or spotting after sex is normal. However, these symptoms can be signs of cervical cancer and should be checked by a doctor.
- Excessive Vaginal Discharge: Unusual or excessive vaginal discharge, foul smelling can be a warning sign of cervical cancer and warrants medical evaluation.
- Cervical Cancer Only Affects Older Women: It’s commonly believed that cervical cancer only affects older women, but it mostly develops in reproductive age. Women of all ages should stay vigilant about screenings and symptoms.
- Pap Smears Are Not Needed After Menopause: Many believe Pap smears are unnecessary once a woman reaches menopause. In reality, regular screenings are still essential to detect potential issues early.
What should you do?
Delays in seeking help and diagnosis often result in women presenting with cervical cancer at stages 3 or 4, making treatment more challenging and prognosis less favorable.
The HPV vaccine is a key tool in the prevention of cervical cancer and has shown great promise in reducing both the incidence and mortality rates associated with the disease. The vaccine is most effective when administered before sexual activity, ideally between ages 9 and 14. This is when the immune system produces the highest antibody response. Vaccination is just one part of the solution. Pap Smear should start after the age of 25 years, every 3yrs if done alone or every 5 years if done with HIV DNA Test. It should continue till 65 years. Even in adulthood, especially in women in their 30s, vaccination can still be beneficial, offering protection against strains of HPV that may still be dormant in the body. Regular check-ups, knowing the signs are key in preventing this disease.
